Solar Powered Electric Fence Circuit

A high-voltage, renewable energy-based perimeter security system using CD4047 pulse generation and MOSFET power switching.

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Overview

This project features a fully custom-built Solar Powered Electric Fence, designed to deliver controlled, safe high-voltage pulses for agricultural and perimeter protection. It integrates a solar charging system with a battery backup to ensure 24/7 off-grid operation without reliance on the power grid.

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System Architecture

┌────────────────────────────┐       ┌────────────────────────────┐
│   Solar Charging Stage     │       │   Pulse Generation Stage   │
│ • 12V Solar Panel          │       │ • CD4047 Multivibrator     │
│ • LM317L Voltage Regulator │◄─────►│ • Adjustable Frequency     │
│ • 12V 7Ah Battery Storage  │       │ • 46 Hz – 58 Hz Range      │
└────────────────────────────┘       └─────────────┬──────────────┘
                                                   │
                                                   ▼
┌────────────────────────────┐       ┌────────────────────────────┐
│   High-Voltage Stage       │       │      Switching Stage       │
│ • Step-up Transformer      │◄─────►│ • Dual IRF3205 MOSFETs     │
│ • High-Voltage Pulse Out   │       │ • High-Current Handling    │
│ • Safe Deterrent Shocks    │       │ • Low-Loss Power Switching │
└────────────────────────────┘       └────────────────────────────┘

⚙ Working Principle

1. Energy Harvesting: The solar panel generates DC power, which is regulated by the LM317L to provide a constant charging voltage to the 12V 7Ah Lead-Acid battery.
2. Pulse Timing: A CD4047 IC is configured in astable mode to produce a continuous square wave. The frequency is adjustable (46–58 Hz) via a variable resistor to fine-tune the deterrent intensity.
3. Power Switching: The logic-level signal from the IC drives the gates of two IRF3205 MOSFETs. These MOSFETs switch the battery current through the primary winding of the transformer.
4. Inductive Boost: The Step-up Transformer converts the low-voltage switched DC into high-voltage, short-duration pulses suitable for long-distance fencing wires.

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🧩 Detailed Hardware Information

🧮 Pulse Generation (CD4047)

The timing is governed by the RC network connected to the astable multivibrator pins.